My experience with exogenous ketones - Last year I wrote a couple of posts on the nuances and complexities of ketosis, with an emphasis on nutritional ketosis (but some discussion of other states of ketosis—starvation ketosis and diabetic ketoacidosis, or DKA). To understand this post, you’ll want to at least be familiar with the ideas in those posts, which can be found here and here.
In the second of these posts I discuss the Delta G implications of the body using ketones (specifically, beta- hydroxybutyrate, or BHB, and acetoacetate, or Ac. Ac) for ATP generation, instead of glucose and free fatty acid (FFA). At the time I wrote that post I was particularly (read: personally) interested in the Delta G arbitrage.
Robb February 22, 2012. I’m glad you wrote this because this is something I’m having to accept is that all research I look at needs to be viewed with a much more. Using other people’s research or ideas without giving them due credit is plagiarism. Since BibMe Uber’s founder and CEO Travis Kalanick has resigned after mounting pressure from shareholders over a string of workplace scandals. Previously, he had said he would. Urban Geography Glossary. Amenities: These may be within the home, in which case they refer to baths, toilets (w.c.'s), hot water etc., or outside people's homes in.
Stated simply, per unit of carbon, utilization of BHB offers more ATP for the same amount of oxygen consumption (as corollary, generation of the same amount of ATP requires less oxygen consumption, when compared to glucose or FFA). I also concluded that post by discussing the possibility of testing this (theoretical) idea in a real person, with the help of exogenous (i.
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I have seen this effect in (unpublished) data in world class athletes not on a ketogenic diet who have supplemented with exogenous ketones (more on that, below). Case after case showed a small, but significant increase in sub- threshold performance (as an example, efforts longer than about 4 minutes all- out). So I decided to find out for myself if ketones could, indeed, offer up the same amount of usable energy with less oxygen consumption.
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Some housekeeping issues before getting into it. This is a self- experiment, not real “data”—“N of 1” stuff is suggestive, but it prevents the use of nifty little things likes error bars and p- values. Please don’t over interpret these results. My reason for sharing this is to spark a discussion and hope that a more systematic and rigorous approach can be undertaken.
Dos and Don’ts. Carefully read the questions 2-3 times and frame a thoughtful answer in the mind first. Write your answers in the comment box below by specifying.
All of the data I’ll present below were from an experiment I did with the help of Dominic D’Agostino and Pat Jak (who did the indirect calorimetry) in the summer of 2. Others have been at it longer, but none have the vast experiences with all possible modalities (i. BHB versus Ac. Ac) and the concurrent understanding of how nutritional ketosis works. If people call me keto- man (some do, as silly as it sounds), they should call Dom keto- king. I have tried the following preparations of exogenous ketones: BHB monoester, Ac. Ac di- ester, BHB mineral salt (BHB combined with Na+, K+, and Ca.
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I have consumed these at different concentrations and in combination with different mixing agents, including MCT oil, pure caprylic acid (C8), branch- chained amino acids, and lemon juice (to lower the p. H). I won’t go into the details of each, though, for the sake of time. The ketone esters are, hands- down, the worst tasting compounds I have ever put in my body. The world’s worst scotch tastes like spring water compared to these things. The first time I tried 5.
L of BHB monoester, I failed to mix it with anything (Dom warned me, but I was too eager to try them to actually read his instructions). Strategic error. It tasted as I imagine jet fuel would taste.
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I thought I was going to go blind. I didn’t stop gagging for 1. But they are still categorically horrible. The salts are definitely better, but despite experimenting with them for months, I was unable to consistently ingest them without experiencing GI side- effects; often I was fine, but enough times I was not, which left me concluding that I still needed to work out the kinks.
From my discussions with others using the BHB salts, it seems I have a particularly sensitive GI system. The hypothesis we sought out to test. A keto- adapted subject (who may already benefit from some Delta G arbitrage) will, under fixed work load, require less oxygen when ingesting exogenous ketones than when not. Posed as a question: At a given rate of mechanical work, would the addition of exogenous ketones reduce a subject’s oxygen consumption? The “experiment”A keto- adapted subject (me) completed two 2.
VO2 max on a load generator (Compu. Trainer); such a device allows one to “fix” the work requirement by fixing the power demand to pedal the bike. This fixed load was chosen to be 1. L/min of VO2—minute ventilation of oxygen (this was an aerobic effort at a power output of approximately 6.
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FTP, which also corresponded to a minute ventilation of approximately 6. VO2 max)Test set #1—done under conditions of mild nutritional ketosis, while still fasted. Test set #2—6. 0 minutes following ingestion of 1. BHB mineral salt to produce instant “artificial ketosis,” which took place immediately following Test set #1. Measurements taken included whole blood glucose and BHB (every 5 minutes); VO2 and VCO2 (every 1. HR (continuous); RQ is calculated as the ratio of VO2 and VCO2.
In the video of this post I explain what VO2, VCO2, and RQ tell us about energy expenditure and substrate use—very quickly, RQ typically varies between about 0. RQ is to 0. 7, the more fat is being oxidized; the reverse is true as RQ approaches 1. Results. Test set #1 (control—mild nutritional ketosis)The table below shows the data collected over the first 2. The 2. 0 minute effort was continuous, but for the purpose of presenting the data, I’ve shown the segmental values—end of segment for glucose and BHB; segment average for HR, minute ventilation (in m. L per min), and RQ; and segment total for minute ventilation (in liters).
Glucose and BHB went down slightly throughout the effort and RQ fell, implying a high rate of fat oxidation. We can calculate fat oxidation from these data. Energy expenditure (EE), in kcal/min, can be derived from the VO2 and VCO2 data and the Weir equation. For this effort, EE was 1. RQ gives us a good representation of how much of the energy used during the exercise bout was derived from FFA vs. So fat oxidation was approximately 1. It’s worth pointing out that “traditional” sports physiology preaches that fat oxidation peaks in a well- trained athlete at about 1 g/min.
Clearly this is context limited (i. RQ). I’ve done several tests on myself to see how high I could push fat oxidation rate. So far my max is about 1. This suggests to me that very elite athletes (which I am not) who are highly fat adapted could approach 2 g/min of fat oxidation. Jeff Volek has done testing on elites and by personal communication he has recorded levels at 1. A very close friend of mine is contemplating a run at the 2. I think it’s likely we’ll be able to get him to 2 g/min of fat oxidation on the correct diet.
The graph, below, shows the continuous data for VO2, VCO2 (measured), and RQ (calculated). Test set #2 (ingestion of 1. BHB salt 6. 0 minutes prior)The table below shows the same measurements and calculations as the above table, but under the test conditions. You’ll note that BHB is higher at the start and falls more rapidly, as does glucose (for reasons I’ll explain below). HR data are almost identical to the control test, but VO2 and VCO2 are both lower. RQ, however, is slightly higher, implying that the reduction in oxygen consumption was greater than the reduction in carbon dioxide production. If you do the same calculations as I did above for estimating fat oxidation, you’ll see that EE in this case was approximately 1.
So, for this second effort (the test set) my body did about 5% less mechanical work, while oxidizing about 2. The majority of this difference, I assume, is from the utilization of the exogenous BHB, and not glucose (again, I will address below what I think is happening with glucose levels). The graph once again shows the continuous data for VO2, VCO2 (measured), and RQ (calculated). Side- by- side difference. The final graph, below, shows the continuous data for only VO2 side- by- side for the 2. The upper (blue) line represents oxygen consumption under control conditions, while the lower line (red) represents oxygen consumption following the BHB ingestion.
In theory, given that the same load was being overcome, and the same amount of mechanical work was being done, these lines should be identical. The hypothesis being tested in this “experiment” is that they would not be the same. Beyond visual inspection, the difference between the lines appears to grow as the test goes on, which is captured in the tabular data showing 5 minute segmental data. Limitations. The most obvious limitation of this endeavor is the fact that it’s not an appropriately controlled experiment. Putting that aside, I want to focus on the nuanced limitations—which don’t impact the primary outcome of oxygen consumption—even if one were appropriately doing a real experiment. It’s not clear that the Weir coefficients used to estimate EE are relevant for someone in ketosis, let alone someone ingesting exogenous BHB.
As a result, the estimation of fat and glucose oxidation may be off (though it’s directionally correct). That said, the current interpretation seems quite plausible—greater fat oxidation when I had to make my ketones; less when I got my ketones for “free.”Observations from this “experiment” (and my experience, in general)Animal models (e. BHB produces more ATP per unit carbon and per unit oxygen consumed than glycogen and FFA. This appears to have been the case in my anecdotal exercise.
The energy necessary to perform the mechanical work did not appear to change much between tests, though the amount of oxygen utilization and fat oxidation did go down measurably. The latter finding is not surprising since the body was not sitting on an abundant and available source of BHB—there was less need to make BHB “the old fashioned way.”As seen in this exercise, glucose tends to fall quite precipitously following exogenous ketone ingestions. Without exception, every time I ingested these compounds (which I’ve probably done a total of 2. M (just below 6. 0 mg/d. L). Despite this, I never felt symptomatic from hypoglycemia.
One Answer to Cancer. The Original Metabolic Medicine. William Donald Kelley, D. D. S., M. S. Copyright . Box 2. 22, Mount Pearl, NF A1. N 2. C2 CANADA(7. Fax (7. 09) 7. 26- 8.
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the author.
Printed in Canada. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number Categories: 1. Health & Fitness 2. Medical/Nursing/Homecare 3. Nutrition 4. Self- Actualization/Self Help. ISBN This Book Is Dedicated To Carol, Wanda.
And to You, who have prayed for relief for yourself,Your loved ones, or friends. This is written that you may tell them that. Your prayers have been answered .
Yet Illness has increased on every hand. Since the Medical Communities, both Orthodox and Alternative, have failed so miserably in Health Care and succeeded sobrilliantly in Health Plundering, it would seem to justify oneto investigate True Health Care Concepts. CANCEROne must address the Metabolic Process. Attacking the product of defective Metabolismleads one down a blind pathway to a Dead End.
She is the editor of this 1. One Answer To Cancer. Bonnie has addressed the editing of this book with a desire to get truthful, correct, intelligent and honest answers to the multitude of questions that have gone unanswered during her 3. She has searched through all the collections of documents about the Kelley Metabolic Medicine.
That which you are about to read may change your life forever. When I was 1. 1 years old, my brother Scott was diagnosed with terminal cancer; he was 2. His story is unique because he was one of the 1. Dr. Today, in 1. 99. California with his wife and three children. Around the age of 1.
I began to experiment with various diets. I would cross- reference my overall sense of energy and my performances in running 1. I used, always allowing at least 9. What I found should come as no surprise to anyone: When I consumed a largely uncooked vegetarian diet, eliminated alcohol consumption and drank plenty of fresh squeezed juices, my 1. K running times and subsequent recovery periods were shorter than when I used a diet of more meat and cooked foods.
In other words, my body worked better on simple fuels from nature. For the greatest majority of us, we are born in perfect health. Our health and aging process after birth is largely influenced by genetics, culture, geography and, of course, the foods and liquids we consume.
These things are all that distinguish who will grow to be strong and who will grow weak. Why is it some people can live lives of smoking and poor diet and live to be 9.
The fact is, regardless of outward physical appearance some people will become cancer victims and some apparently likely candidates won. It is simply human nature that some bodies are innately stronger and more resistant than others are.
As adult individuals we have only one variable which is in our total control: Our diets. The difference in lifestyle that you have led and your ancestry three generations removed is remarkable. We live in a world where air pollution is a daily occurrence; we work in jobs that are demanding in time, tolerance and ability to change and adapt. We struggle to balance our career, family, spiritual, emotional and social lives, and, yet as a society we have largely failed to intelligently consider the fuel which runs this remarkable human body.
Fuels that provide peak performance and keep our internal operating systems running properly. When we are young, we feel invincible, immortal.
Some of us develop habits and patterns in early adult life that prove detrimental later on. We eat too much dead food, drink too much alcohol, smoke cigarettes and take prescription drugs for any little perceived ill .
Kessler approved the fat substitute . Doctors across the country from John Hopkins to Harvard Medical warned against the possible fall- out from introducing this synthetic fat into the American diet for reasons which have been well published in the media, (see Appendix II). Interestingly most of the warning comes from the academic side of the medical science community. Why do you suppose that is? It makes far better business sense to let the population eat, drink and smoke to their heart.
In the United States, the food industry alone generates 5. Bacon, eggs, milk, fast food franchises, soft drinks, fried food, dead food, overcooked food, sweets, treats and canned goods. We have gotten away from simple diets and become human garbage disposals. Sixty percent of the American public is overweight. Clearly the large food conglomerates are successfully marketing to an oblivious public. After feeding your body with dead and processed foods for 2. We have overlooked the processing energy required to digest bacon and eggs each morning, that steak in the evening and the cocktails in between.
The result is the current health crisis where one in three will have cancer in their lifetimes . To be fair, the American medical community has done some wonderful things and made outstanding progress in the last 4. But it is simply not in their best interest to prevent disease. They are in the business of treating disease. This is where the money is: Surgery, MRI, radiation, chemotherapy, research and examinations.
The doctors don. The human body is the most incredible of discoveries. Perhaps it receives so little consideration because we all get one upon entering into this life. We take it for granted until it cries out to us.
Read this book and incorporate everything in it you can into your lifestyle. Listen to your heart and the voice within you and seek the advice of a trusted physician.
On that note, a word of caution: There are doctors who hold Dr. Kelley in high esteem and those who see him as a threat.
Be prepared to encounter one or the other. The open- minded ones tend to be the former. Finally Dr. Kelley was aggressively persecuted and oppressed during his years of treating cancer patients. His success was unparalleled in conventional medicine.
Personally, both my brother and my chiropractor went to him; both were resolved of their disease. Kelley has been forbidden to advise cancer victims and this book must carry with it a warning to all, that it is not intended to be a cure, but rather a program to be used in conjunction with the guidance of your own physician for the resolution of degenerative disease.
As the writer of this preface, I can say that the truth of Dr. I wish you God. Greg Stirling, Vancouver, British Columbia.
March, 1. 99. 7Health is a wonderful possession. It does not last forever . It is not until we lose our health that we seek diligently to regain it. Often it is too late, and always too expensive.
It is the purpose of the Cancer Coalition to help those who desire better health and who are willing to work for their better health. It is ever the objective of The Cancer Coalition to point out the metabolic deficiencies in the metabolism of each person who has the malfunction, not to treat the disease who has the person. It is our desire to advise, teach, and counsel a person in such a way that he and he alone is responsible for his or her health. A doctor cannot . If you have a broken arm, the physician may set it . Of course, during your lifetime you will need the help of many in the healing professions: The dentist, the osteopath, the chiropractor, the naturopath, the biochemist, the nutritionist, the therapist, and last, but not least, the spiritual counselor. Although these may give you aid, you must assume the responsibility of accepting and following their advice.
In researching some of the more complex disease processes, it became more and more evident to us that cancer is a simple deficiency condition. We have proven this to our own satisfaction, and to the satisfaction of many counselees. This publication is a simplified, condensed, practical application of our investigations and findings. We present these findings because there have been so many prayers unto God for a solution to this simple problem. To successfully resolve cancer, however simple, is a tedious and lengthy metabolic process. It is not expensive as compared to the .
Metabolic Medicine can handle other enemies besides cancer. It is, in fact, a lifestyle for peace or war . They have worked hard and deserve every bit of the respect and honor they receive. They have done remarkably well in applying technological advances to their profession. The medical community has centered its energies and advancement around the infectious and traumatic cases.
It has all but conquered infections of all types. Surgical procedures and treatment of traumatic ills have advanced equally with control of the infectious diseases. In short, what the medical community does, it does well, unsurpassed in the history of mankind. But the problems for which the medical community is so well trained and equipped to handle account for only a percentage of the illnesses in our society. In the balance of the cases involving degeneration or metabolic conditions, little hope is received. Down through the years, cancer patients have had such excellent results with Metabolic Medicine that they have brought other family members and friends for nutritional counseling. The range of diseases for which Dr.
Kelley has planned nutritional programs covers the complete gamut of degenerative and metabolic ills, even some infectious diseases and structural conditions. Dr. Kelley distinguishes between degenerative disease and metabolic disease in this example: Adult- onset diabetes is degenerative; childhood- onset diabetes is metabolic. Metabolic diseases can result from improper nutrition to the fetus due to the faulty diet of the mother during pregnancy. Metabolic diseases are those which do not result from long- term physical degeneration. How long this will take, or whether it will be done at all, is a matter of speculation.
Many readers, or their friends, are desperately seeking help for conditions that could be alleviated through nutritional balancing of body chemistry.